Nestled in the heart of Iceland, Thingvellir National Park stands as a testament to the raw power of nature and the rich history of human civilisation. This UNESCO World Heritage site captivates visitors with its stunning landscapes, where towering cliffs and deep fissures tell the story of Earth’s geological forces at work. As a critical stop on the Golden Circle route, Thingvellir offers a unique glimpse into the meeting point of two tectonic plates, making it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts and history buffs alike.
Thingvellir National Park is not just about breathtaking scenery; it’s a place where adventure and learning go hand in hand. Visitors can explore the park’s network of hiking trails, witness the crystal-clear waters of Silfra fissure, and even try scuba diving between continents. The park also holds great cultural significance as the site of Iceland’s first parliament, adding a layer of historical depth to its natural wonders. From its geological marvels to its outdoor activities, Thingvellir promises an unforgettable experience that showcases the best of Iceland’s natural and cultural heritage.
The Golden Circle’s Crown Jewel
Location and Accessibility
Thingvellir National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is situated in southwestern Iceland, approximately 40 kilometres east of Reykjavik. Its proximity to the capital city makes it easily accessible for locals and tourists, contributing to its popularity as a must-visit attraction in Iceland.
Part of Iceland’s Most Popular Tourist Route
Thingvellir National Park is critical to the Golden Circle, Iceland’s most famous scenic route. This circular sightseeing tour combines stunning landmarks and historically significant places, offering visitors a comprehensive experience of Iceland’s natural wonders. The Golden Circle spans approximately 300 kilometres and includes three main attractions: Thingvellir National Park, the Geysir geothermal area, and the Gullfoss waterfall.
The park’s inclusion in the Golden Circle has significantly boosted its popularity. During peak seasons, the Gullfoss waterfall attracts more than 2,000 visitors daily. The route’s convenience and the short distances between sights make it an ideal itinerary for travellers, regardless of time constraints.
Year-round Attraction
Thingvellir National Park is open throughout the year, allowing visitors to experience its beauty every season. However, many visitors and locals report that the best time to visit is between May and September. During these months, the weather is generally more favourable, and all roads and paths within the park are open. Winter visits to Thingvellir can be equally magical, provided visitors come prepared with appropriate gear such as down jackets, windbreakers, or rain jackets. The parks year-round accessibility ensures that it remains a popular destination for both day trips from Reykjavik and extended stays, with nearby accommodations available for those wishing to explore the area more thoroughly.
A Journey Through Time
Viking Age Assembly Site
Thingvellir National Park is a testament to Iceland’s rich history. It is also the site of one of the world’s oldest parliaments, the Alþingi, or assembly. The Alþingi, or assembly, was established at Thingvellir in 930 AD, marking the beginning of the Icelandic Commonwealth period. This assembly was crucial in shaping Iceland’s culture and governance for centuries. The choice of Alþingi in Þingvellir as the assembly was considered to be a choice of convenience or a central location for the whole country.
The Lögberg, or Law Rock, was the focal point of the Alþingi, where the Law speaker presided over the assembly. This elected official had the remarkable task of memorising and reciting the laws and assembly procedures, a tradition that continued for generations. The assembly grounds were a hub of activity, with thousands of people flocking to Thingvellir each year, setting up temporary dwellings called búðir.
From Commonwealth to Foreign Rule
The Icelandic Commonwealth period lasted from 930 to 1262. During this time, the Alþingi was Iceland’s supreme legislative and judicial authority. However, the final decades of the Commonwealth saw conflicts between chieftain families, leading to Iceland coming under Norwegian rule. This power shift gradually transferred legislative and judicial authority from the Alþingi to Norwegian and later Danish rulers.
Symbol of Icelandic Nationalism
In the 19th century, Thingvellir emerged as a powerful symbol of Icelandic nationalism [6]. The site played a significant role in Iceland’s journey towards independence, becoming a focal point for political campaigns and national gatherings. Thingvellir meetings, held irregularly until 1907, were instrumental in planning political strategies and presenting issues to the Alþingi and authorities.
The park’s historical significance was officially recognised in 1930 when it was declared a National Park. A law was passed designating Thingvellir as “a protected national shrine for all Icelanders, the perpetual property of the Icelandic nation under the preservation of parliament, never to be sold or mortgaged”. This declaration cemented Thingvellir’s status as the spiritual Centre of Iceland, embodying the nation’s cultural heritage and journey through time.
Geological Marvels
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Thingvellir National Park sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a massive underwater mountain range that runs through the Atlantic Ocean. This geological feature marks the boundary where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates meet and diverge. Iceland’s unique position on this ridge has shaped its landscape and geological characteristics.
The park offers visitors a rare opportunity to witness the effects of continental drift above sea level. As visitors descend from Reykjavík into the park, they are greeted by a valley framed by cliffs representing the edges of two. This rift valley, known as a graben, stretches approximately seven kilometres wide between the Almannagjá and Heiðargjá faults.
Visible Tectonic Activity
The movement of tectonic plates is visible at Thingvellir, with the North American and Eurasian plates drifting apart at about 2.5 centimetres per year. This continuous movement has shaped the landscape over millennia, creating a dynamic environment of lava fields and ravines.
The Almannagjá Gorge, a popular walking path, provides a striking example of this tectonic activity. It runs between the edge of the North American plate and an ancient collapsed wall, ending at the beautiful Öxarárfoss waterfall. This geological process has caused the land to subside by approximately 40 metres and spread by about 70 metres since the lava flow that covered the area 10,000 years ago.
Unique Landscape Formation
Thingvellir’s landscape is a testament to the powerful forces of nature. The park’s terrain has been shaped by continental drift, volcanism, and glacial interaction. These processes have created beautiful and mystical landforms, including rare features like tinders and tuyas—volcanic formations resulting from eruptions under glaciers.
The park’s geological history is marked by periods of intense activity. In the spring of 1789, a significant tectonic activity swept through Thingvellir, further shaping its unique landscape. Today, the park continues to experience minor earthquakes daily, although most are imperceptible. At the same time, no volcanic eruptions have occurred in the area for 2,000 years, with the possibility of future eruptions.
Outdoor Adventures and Activities
Hiking and Nature Walks
Thingvellir National Park offers hiking trails suitable for all skill levels. These paths wind through diverse landscapes, including lava fields and lush valleys, providing stunning views of the park’s geological marvels. Hikers can explore the rift valley, walk along the edges of tectonic plates, and discover historical landmarks. The park’s trails also offer opportunities for wildlife enthusiasts to spot Icelandic birds, foxes, and even reindeer.
Diving in Crystal Clear Waters
The Silfra fissure in Thingvellir National Park is a world-renowned diving site, offering a unique opportunity to dive between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. The water in Silfra remains at two °C to 4°C year-round and boasts exceptional visibility. Divers can explore four main sections: Silfra Big Crack, Silfra Hall, Silfra Cathedral, and Silfra Lagoon. The fissure’s underwater landscape is adorned with bright green “troll hair” algae, creating a colourful underwater scene.
Photography Opportunities
Thingvellir National Park’s diverse landscapes provide numerous photography opportunities. Visitors can capture breathtaking vistas of the Rift Valley, Lake Þingvallavatn, and unique geological features. The park’s ever-changing scenery, influenced by tectonic activity and seasonal variations, allows photographers to document Iceland’s raw natural beauty. Thingvellir presents endless possibilities for stunning imagery, from expansive panoramas to close-ups of local flora and fauna.
Conclusion
Thingvellir National Park is a remarkable testament to Iceland’s natural beauty and rich history. Its unique position on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge offers visitors a chance to witness the ongoing dance of tectonic plates, shaping a breathtaking and geologically significant landscape. The park’s role as the birthplace of Icelandic democracy adds depth to its appeal, making it more than just a pretty sight. From hiking through rift valleys to diving in crystal-clear waters, Thingvellir provides diverse experiences to explore and enjoy.
As a critical stop on the Golden Circle route, Thingvellir strongly influences Iceland’s tourism industry. Its year-round accessibility and proximity to Reykjavik make it a go-to destination for travellers looking to experience the best of Iceland’s natural wonders. Whether you’re a history buff, nature enthusiast, or adventure seeker, Thingvellir National Park offers something to captivate every visitor. It’s not just a park; it’s a journey through time and nature that leaves a lasting impression on all who explore its wonders.
FAQs
1. Should I include Þingvellir National Park in my Iceland travel plans?
Absolutely! Þingvellir National Park is a must-visit due to its significant historical importance and stunning natural landscapes. It offers a unique opportunity to explore some of Iceland’s most important historical sites on foot.
2. How long should I spend at Þingvellir National Park?
While your trip might be packed with various activities, planning is essential. Typically, visitors spend about two hours at Þingvellir National Park, sufficient to enjoy its main attractions.
3. Is there a fee to enter Þingvellir National Park?
Entry to Þingvellir National Park is free; however, if you arrive by car, you must pay for parking. The parking fee covers the entire day and can be used across all the park’s parking lots. This fee contributes to the maintenance of the park’s infrastructure and facilities.
4. Where can I view the tectonic plates in Iceland?
Þingvellir National Park is the prime location for observing the tectonic plates in Iceland. At Almannagjá, you can stand directly between the North American and Eurasian plates. Additionally, for a more immersive experience, you can go snorkelling in the Silfra fissure between these tectonic plates.